Cahagenin [fl. 1818-1825], Ojibwa chief; Cahgegewin, chief of the Snake Tribe, Ojibwa Nation, Newcastle District; he signed Surrender #20, near Lake Simcoe, November 5, 1818 (Canada 1891 vol. I: 48; Leighton: app. B6).

Billy Caldwell / Sagaunash [born March 17, 1780 near Fort Niagara; died September 27, 1841 in Iowa]; British Indian Department official / entrepreneur / Pottawatomie chief or saganah; he was the son of William Caldwell and: Canadian tradition says that he was the son of a Shawnee sister of Wayapiersenwah - while US tradition says he was the son of a Pottawatomie woman {Clifton in DCB says he was the son of a Mohawk daughter of Rising Sun}; he entered the fur trade in the US in 1797; appointed British Indian Department aide in 1813; Shaoginish was a Pottawatomie chief in 1813; fought at the River Raisin in January 1813, where he was severely wounded; fought with Caldwell's Rangers at the Battle of Moraviantown [Fairfield], October 5, 1813, and at the Battle of the Longwoods, March 3, 1814; Captain Billy Caldwell was stationed at Malden on October 22, 1815 where he was the Superintendent of Indian Affairs; on February 5, 1816 he compiled a list of Pottawatomies who had been killed or wounded during Proctor's retreat from Amherstburg; discharged from the Indian Department for incompetence in October 1816; he left Upper Canada permanently in 1820; from 1829 to 1833 he signed US treaties in the Illinois area as a main Pottawatomie Chief; in 1831 Billy Caldwell / Sagonaš Pottawatomie [US Government appointed] medal chief, led Pottawatomie units in the US militia attack against Black Hawk; Sagenais / Billy Caldwell, Pottawatomie chief, signed an amendment to the US Treaty of Chicago, September 27, 1833, leading to the removal of the Pottawatomie Nation from Michigan; Sa- gen-nais' daughter received $200 in treaty payments; in 1837 Billy Caldwell persuaded the US government to cease annuity payments to Pottawatomies who refused to move west of the Mississippi (US 1837; Clifton 1975: 13, 29, 32, 37, 39, 40-41, 49, 86, 110-114, 116, 118-119, 1984: 48-49; Eckert: 762; Gilbert: 83; Lajeunesse: 114; Poole; Quaife 1928 vol. I: 243n; Sugden: 34-35, 117, 130; Tanner: 76; DCB vol. VII: 132-133; MPHSC vol. XVI: 134, 173, 210-211, 350, 355, 359, 361, 523-524, 724, 736). Sakonosh is an ethnic label meaning "The English-speaking Canadian." 'The Indians were told at Burlington, that the roads were opened by the Treaty of Ghent, and they were advised to return peaceably to their own Country; when they arrived at Sandwich and were forbid by the American Agents to cross the Detroit River, they complained of the warlike disposition of the Americans toward them; and as I have stated it will take some time before they forget what they called breaking the Treaty their Great Father had just made for them'—Sandwich, August 12, 1815? (MPHSC vol. XVI: 211).

John Caldwell Senior / Caldwell [born c.1800; fl. 1820(?)], Ojibwa chief of the Caldwell Band, Point Pelee community; in 1788 the Ojibwa chief of Point Pelee lived in a house on the Point; Caldwell's community wintered on the River Ruscom; this group also occupied Point Pelee, Pelee Island and part of the Anderdon Reserve near Windsor, along the Detroit River (Clifton 1975: 111-114; Ferris: 55-56; Leclair 1988a: 49).

Caleb [fl. 1828-1830], Ojibwa chief of Sawble / Sauble / Ausable River [Port Franks] community - part of the Muncey Ojibwa; father of John Caleb; he was visited by Kahkewaquonaby [Peter Jones] on March 9, 1828 at his camp in London Township, on the Thames River (near Delaware); his group included 7 adults and several children at that time; he told Kahkewaquonaby that he would leave the decision to become Christian to his chiefs at Oduhmekoos's camp [but he objected violently to his son's conversion to Christianity at the age of twelve]; nonetheless, he and his wife became Christians around 1830 (Ferris: 72; Kahkewaquonaby 1860: 117-118, 1861: 225-226). 'Brothers, we do not feel at liberty to give an answer at present as to whether we will become Christians or not, but we will leave it with our chiefs at Oduhmekoo's Camp to say whether they will receive the white man's religion or not, and whatever they say we will do' —London Township, March 9, 1828 (Kahkewaquonaby 1860: 118).

John Caleb [born at Blenheim in 1817; fl. 1830-1872], Muncey Ojibwa community, he was converted to Christianity at Muncey in 1830 when he was twelve years old, over the violent objections of his father, Chief Caleb, and his mother; married Nancy [born at Rondeau in 1820; fl. 1861]; he signed Surrender #126, Canadian Southern Railway right of way, January 18, 1872 (PAC Canada 1851-52, 1861; Canada 1891 vol. I: 294; Kahkewaquonaby 1861: 225-226). 'John told his parents that he thought more about serving the Great Spirit than he did about his gun or his horse, and would therefore rather lose all he possessed than give up his school and religious meetings; and more than this, he modestly told them he would rather suffer death than disobey what the Great Spirit had commanded him to do.'—Muncey 1829 (Kahkewaquonaby 1861: 225).

Camcommenanin [fl. 1795], Ojibwa chief; signed [with a Bird totem] Surrender #6, London Township, Surrender #7, Sombra Township, and accompanying maps, September 7, 1796 (PAC RG10 vol. 1840 IT 021-IT 024, IT 026-IT 028; Canada 1891 vol. I: 17, 19; Leighton: app. B5).

From Surrender #7 (1796). PAC RG10, Vol. 1840, IT 027.

Daniel Canada [born at the Oneida Castle, New York in 1827; fl. 1872], Oneida chief, married to Catherine [born at the Oneida Castle, New York in 1830; fl. 1852]; he signed Surrender #127, Canadian Southern Railway right of way, January 17, 1872 (PAC Canada 1851-1852; Canada 1891 vol. I: 296).

Canadagariaz [fl. 1701], Oneida sachem, attended the Albany Conference with Governor Nansan July 9, 1701; placed southern Ontario hunting grounds under the protection of the British Crown on July 19, 1701 (NYCD vol. IV: 910; Monture pers. com.).

Canotung / Kanotung / Joseph Canotung [born c.1790; fl. 1819-1849], Ojibwa chief of the Ah-yah-yon-ka-ge-mog / Jonquakmik / Bear Creek [Sydenham River] community; Kanotaing was a veteran of the War of 1812 where he served with Tecumseh; Kaynotang, Ojibwa chief, signed Surrender #21 [with an Antler totem], west of London Township and north of the Thames River, March 9, 1819; Canotuing, Ojibwa chief, signed Surrender #280½, west of London Township and north of the Thames River, May 9, 1820 [according to Clifton, Canatung was a Pottawatomie chief of the Ocean clan whose name means Swirl in Stream]; Canotung, Ojibwa chief, signed [with an Antler totem] Surrender #25, London Township to Chatham Township, July 8, 1822; Kainotang, Ojibwa chief, signed [with an Antler totem] a receipt for goods received in payment of Surrender #21, August 9, 1827; Kanootong was visited by Kahkewaquonaby [Peter Jones] at his camp on the north side of Bear Creek on March 20, 1828, where he resisted Jones' preaching and maintained his ancestral religion; Konotongk was one of two chiefs at a sugaring place consisting of "ten camps" [wigwams] on Bear River, who greeted Peter Harris, a Methodist missionary, in February of 1830; Canotung and the Bear Creek community moved to Muncey in 1832 under pressure from the Indian Department; Kanotang, Ojibwa chief, signed Surrender #37, part of Muncey Reserve, February 5, 1834; Kanoting, head chief of the Bear Creek Chippewa at Caradoc [Muncey], was one of the chiefs who met Rev. R. Flood on June 6th, 1836, to discuss Christianity; Canotung, principal chief of Muncey, signed a letter about John Tom-a-coo and John Riley losing their status as chiefs, October 24, 1837; Canotung / Kanoodung actively supported the Government in the Rebellion of 1837; Kainotuang signed [with an Antler totem] a petition to the Crown asking for some land to replace Bear Creek lands sold by mistake by the Crown, June 12, 1839; Kandoching was notified of a Grand Council at the Credit River on January 17, 1840, he and his people did not attend, stating that "they supposed they were sent for to be talked to about the useless Christianity"; Canoting, Ojibwa chief at Colborne on the Thames [Muncey] attended and spoke for the Ojibwas, Delawares and Oneidas at a conference about the destruction of Brock's Monument, January 27, 1841; Joseph Canotung, Ojibwa chief, signed Surrenders #58½b, #58½c, #58½d, and #58½e, for schools and churches at Muncey, February 13, 1849 (PAC RG10 vol. 1842 IT 065, IT 067 IT 079; PAC RG10 vol. 1849 IT 368; PAO RG1 A-1-7 vol. 8 env. 2: 03763-03764; Britain 1839: 391; Canada 1891 vol. I: 49, 58, 90, 143-146, vol. II: 281; Clifton 1975: 61-62; Ferris: 80-81; Goodspeed: 20; Graham: 37; Harris: 158; Kahkewaquonaby 1860: 122-125; Kahkewaquonaby 1861: 117, 272; Leighton: app. B6, B7; Read and Stagg: 326-328; Waddilove: 133). Kanotung = someone who hears and repeats, a translator or recorder (Rita Sands, etc. pers. com., Walpole Island). '...but with respect to Indians becoming Christians, I cannot think it right; for when the Great Spirit made the white man and the Indian, he did not make them in the same way; for he placed the white man across the great waters, and there gave him his religion written in a book; he also made the white man to cultivate the earth, and raise cattle, &c.; but when the Great Spirit made the Indian, he placed him in this country, and gave him his way of worship written in his heart; which has been handed down from one generation to another; for his subsistence, he gave him wild beasts of the forest, the fowls that fly in the air, the fish that swim in the waters, and the corn for his bread; and, before the white man came to this country the Indian did not know the use of iron, but for an axe he used a stone sharpened at one end, tied to a split stick; with this he cut his wood; and for his hoe he split the limb of a tree; he also had stone pots to cook with; these things answered his purpose, and he was contented and happy. Now I suppose if the Great Spirit had intended the Indian to worship like the white man he would have made him white instead of red, &c. Our forefathers have told us that when an Indian dies, his spirit goes to a place prepared for him towards the sunsetting where Indians dwell for ever in dancing and feasting; and should I become a Christian and throw away the religion of my fathers, I am not sure that the Great Spirit would receive me into heaven. And how should I look after worshipping like the white man? Perhaps when I come to die my soul might go up to heaven, and the Great Spirit would ask me, "What have you come up here for, you Indian? This is not your place; you must go where your forefathers have gone; this place is only made for white people, not for Indians, therefore begone." How foolish then should I look to be driven from heaven; therefore I think I cannot become a Christian, and throw away my old ways' —Bear Creek, March 20, 1828 (Kahkewaquonaby 1860: 123-124).

From a Letter by the Chippewa Chiefs of Caradoc, June 12, 1839. PAO RG1, A-1-7, Vol.8, Env. 2.

George Canotung / George Kanotung [born on Bear Creek in 1825; fl. 1852-1861], Ojibwa Nation, Bear Creek community; lived at Muncey in 1861, possibly the son of Canotung; lived with Quawish [born on Bear Creek in 1832; fl. 1852] (PAC Canada 1851-52, 1861).

Catahecassa / Black Hoof / The Bay Colt / ma'ka-t!äwikashä [born in Florida around 1740; died at Wapakonatta, Ohio in 1831], principal Shawnee/Chouanon chief, 5'8" tall; returned with his Nation from the Gulf of Mexico to what is now Ohio in 1750; he was with the French forces at the defeat of Braddock in 1755; Black Hoof fought at Point Pleasant in 1774; Catahecassa fought at Fort Boonesville with Isadore Chene, September 25-31, 1778; he settled on Stony Creek, a branch of the Maumee River, and at Wapaukanata on the Auglaize River after the signing the US Treaty of Big Miamis on January 31, 1786; around February 6, 1795 Black Hoof complained to George Ironside, while at Swan Creek, about the commission that the British gave Wayapiersenwah; Tecumseh tried to enlist him but Cut-the-we- ha-saw / Black Hoof adhered to the peace promises of the US Greenville Treaty which he had signed on August 3, 1795; Tecumseh refused to participate in councils with Catahecassa after 1808 because of his support of US land policy; Hull stated that Blackhoof remained neutral in 1812 and that this was discussed at a council at Brownstown on July 14 of that year; Hull received confirmation of his neutrality on July 21; he lived at Wapakoneta in early 1813; visited Fort McArthur in January 1813 where he was shot and severely injured by a US soldier while in the company of General Tupper; Gateweekesa / Black Hoof, signed the US peace treaty at the Miami Rapids, September 29, 1817; in October, 1819 he lived at Piqua where he was stated to be 5' 9" tall and very active; Black Hoof attended an acrimonious council at Cranetown, after the death of Tarhé, in November, 1818; his Nation was removed to Kansas after his death (US 1837: 54, 216; Cruikshank vol. III: 289; Drake: 12, 41, 44-45, 59; Eckert: 149, 489; Goltz: 113, 151; Hodge vol. I: 212; Tanner: 117, 137; MPHSC vol. XX: 417, vol. XVI: 668, 677, 679, vol. XXIV: 24, vol. XXXX: 414, 420; OAHS vol. VII: 105, 218, vol. XIV: 137). 'He told the assembly that they had acted like children, and not men yesterday; that he and his people were sorry for the words that had been spoken, and which had done so much harm; that he came into the council by the unanimous desire of his people, to recall those foolish words, and did there take them back - handing around strings of wampum, which passed and were received by all with great satisfaction'—Upper Sandusky, November 1818 (OAHS, vol. XIV: 137-138).

Catherine [fl. 1763], Pottawatomie or Ojibwa/Sauteux Nation, Catholic; lived at the Pottawatomie Village [at the foot of the present Ambassador Bridge in Windsor], alleged to have warned Gladwin of Pontiac's planned attack on Fort Detroit on April 31, 1763; she was seized by Pontiac and flogged on his orders; McDonald wrote on July 12, 1763 that she "was an old Squaw Prisoner" and that she was carried back to Pontiac's camp where he hit her with a stick and the whole Nation called for her death; Conner stated that she died years later from falling while drunk into a vat of boiling maple syrup; according to Carver as related to Parkman, Catherine, a young woman, was attracted to Gladwin and they may have been lovers; she visited his quarters, bringing a pair of moccasins on May 5, 1763, and then informed him of Pontiac's plans (Parkman vol. I: 219; Peckham: 122-123, 132-133; MPHSC vol. VIII: 277; PSWJ vol. X: 737).

ÌCha-bou-quai / Sha-bo-quy / Shabokgoy [fl. 1781-1795], Ojibwa chief; he attended a council at Detroit, April 26, 1781; Chapaqui signed the Ainse deed, north side of the Askunessippi [Thames River] near Chatham October 11, 1783; Shaboque, Ojibwa chief, signed a surrender of land, south side of the Detroit River and Isle aux Bois Blancs [Bob-Lo Island], May 15, 1786; Chaboquoi, Ojibwa chief, signed the Jonathon Schieffelin deed [with a Bird totem], north side of Askunessippi [Thames River] from Chatham to London, September 20, 1788; Shaboqui, Ojibwa chief, signed an Ainse receipt, for land on the north side of the Askunessippi from the mouth to Chatham, November 20, 1788; Cha-bou-quai, Ojibwa chief, attended a council at Detroit on May 19, 1790, where he signed Surrender #2 [with a Bird totem], south side of Askunessippi from Port Bruce to Windsor; Chab-a-qua, Ojibwa chief, signed [with a Bird totem] a provisional surrender for London Township, September 29, 1795; Chabaqua, Ojibwa chief, signed [with a Crane totem] a provisional surrender for Chennail Ecarte, September 29, 1795 - however, he did not sign the final versions of Surrenders #6 and #7 (PAC RG10 vol. 1840 IT 002, RG10 ser. II vol. 13; Canada NMC 2835, 4113; PAO, MU 2099 OS 1-4; Canada 1891 vol. I: 1; Fraser: 173; Lajeunesse: 165-166, 171; Leighton: app. B4; MPHSC vol. X: 472, vol. XIII: 90, vol. XXV: 105). Chabouquai = morning time (Rita Sands and others, pers. com., Walpole Island).

From PAO, MU 2099 - 1798.

Chamyandaoua [fl. 1763-1783], pro-British Odawa war chief of the Miami River [Ohio] community, Fish clan; Shamandawa, Odawa chief, was delegated by his Nation to go to Detroit to meet with Bradstreet in late August 1763; Shamindawa attended and spoke at a peace conference of the Western Nations at Detroit, September 7, 1764; Chaminatwa, signed an indenture granting an island in the Detroit River [half a league from Hog Island] to Alexis Masonville in 1774; Chamyanda8a, Odawa chief of Detroit, gave land to Charles Réaume near Windsor, June 10, 1776; Cha-min- tawãa, Odawa village chief, attended and spoke at a council at Detroit, June 14, 1778; Chaminitawaa was a pro-British Ojibwa war chief; he was the leader of the Odawa, Pottawatomie and Ojibwa warriors at Detroit in 1779; Chaminatawa, Odawa chief, attended a council at Detroit, April 26, 1781; Chaminatawaa / Cha-min- ta-wa, Principal Odawa chief, attended and spoke at councils at Detroit on May 21 and October 20, 1781; Chiminatawa, Odawa chief, signed [with a Sturgeon totem] the Jacob Schieffelin deed, south side of the Detroit River, opposite Isle aux Bois Blancs [Bob-Lo Island], October 13, 1783 (PAC RG10 ser. II vol. 13, C1224 vol. 16: 117-120; Lajeunesse: 66, 154; Peckham: 258, 261; MPHSC vol. IX: 442, 447-448, vol. X: 472, vol. XIII: 90, vol. XX: 195; PSWJ vol. IV: 526-528, vol. XI: 349). 'Brethren! we see you, tho' you be far distant, and we observe you breaking down the branches from the trees to lay across our road, at the same time hanging down your heads with tears in your eyes'—speech to the Delawares, Detroit, June 14, 1778 (MPHSC, vol. IX: 447). '...our Brethren the French Inhabitants have informed me that a Stripe of Land from the back of the Huron Church to Perch Island has been given away during my absence and I who am the principal Chief do now in behalf of my nation Protest against the said proceedings...'— Detroit, October 20, 1781 (PAC RG10 ser. II vol. 13).

Cha-o-ge-man / Chaoge-man (1) [fl. 1778], Ojibwa chief; Ki-ow-ki-ma, Ojibwa war chief, attended a council at Detroit, June 14, 1778; Kagaian, Ojibwa chief, signed [with a Crane totem] the Jonathon Schieffelin deed, north side of the Askunessippi [Thames River] from Chatham to London, September 20, 1788 (PAO, MU 2099 OS 1-4; MPHSC vol. IX: 442).

From PAO, MU 2099 - 1798.

Cha-o-ge-man (2) / Shaoogemau [fl. 1825-1849]; Chaoge-man, Ojibwa chief, signed Surrender #27½, Watford area, April 26, 1825; he was the head chief of Walpole Island; Shaiokema was a Walpole Island chief in 1829; Chaogema, Ojibwa chief, invited the Maumee River [Ohio] Ojibwa to come to Walpole Island in 1832; Shaoogemau, Ojibwa chief, signed [with a Beaver(?) totem] a petition to the Queen in 1838 objecting to the illegal surrender of Indian lands; Cheogema signed: Surrender #53½, Moore Township, August 18, 1843, and Surrender #59, Moore Township, August 18, 1849 (Canada 1891 vol. I: 65, 128, 147; Leighton: app. B8, B8a; Schmalz: 136; Taylor 1984 app. A: Peterwequeeshisk decl.).

Cha-qua-nunks-com [fl. 1795], Ojibwa chief, Thames River (?) community; he signed [with a Beaver totem] a provisional surrender for London Township, September 29, 1795 (Canada NMC 2835, 4113).

From Canada NMC 2835, 1795.

Charloe / Cha-ro / The Speaker [fl. 1829-1836], Odawa chief from Toledo, Ohio; he tried to claim part of the Anderdon Reserve in 1829; Charlo, Ojibwa chief, Muncey community, signed Surrender #37, part of Muncey Reserve, February 5, 1834; Chief Charloe travelled from Ohio to Toronto in 1836 to see Lieutenant Governor Bond Head, who came to Amherstburg and decided in favour of the Wyandots owning the Anderdon Reserve (Canada 1891 vol. I: 90; Bauman; Clarke: 122-124; Leclair 1988a: 38; MPHSC vol. IX: 443).

Chawanakoam [fl. 1835], Odawa chief of L'Arbre Croche and Little Traverse communities; attended a council at Little Traverse, May 3, 1835 (MPHSC vol. XII: 621).

Chechalk (1) [fl. 1805-1806], Mississauga/ Ojibwa chief; signed: Surrender #13, Toronto Purchase, September 23, 1805, and Surrender #14, Burlington, September 6, 1806; Chechalk (2) / Crane, Pottawatomie Nation, signed the US peace treaty at the Miami Rapids, September 29, 1817 (Canada 1891 vol. I: 32, 36; US 1837: 216; MPHSC vol. XVI: 676).

Cheebican [fl. 1827], Ojibwa chief, signed Surrender #29, Sarnia to Goderich, July 10, 1827 (Canada 1891 vol. I: 71; Leighton: app. B8a).

John Chicken [born on the Thames River in 1817; fl. 1852-1890], Ojibwa chief, Muncey community, married Jane [born on the Thames River in 1827; fl. 1852]; signed: Surrender #184, October 6, 1881; Surrender #200, December 21, 1882; Surrender #274, July 31, 1889; John Chicken, Ojibwa chief, Caradoc community, signed Surrender #289, July 25, 1890 (PAC Canada 1851-52; Canada 1891 vol. II: 94, 125, 267, vol. III: 17).

Chicken Mas-Kan-ooje / Captain Chicken / Chicken / Chicken Muskananje / Chicken Muskununjie / Chicken Maskinoozha [born on the Thames River in 1804; died before 1861], Ojibwa chief of the Upper Thames River [Muncey] community, he lived near Munceytown in 1834; he married Nancy [born on the Thames River in 1804; fl. 1852]; he was related to Chief Maushkenoozha; Chicken, Ojibwa chief, signed Surrender #37, part of Muncey reserve, February 5, 1834; Chicken Mas-kan-oon-je, principal Muncey chief, signed a letter about Tom- a-coo and John Riley losing their status as chiefs, October 24, 1837; he was a member of the Church of England; Chicken Mas-kan-oouje actively supported the Government in the Rebellion of 1837; Chicken Muskunanje / Muskununjie, signed Surrenders #58½b, #58½c, #58½d, and #58½e, for schools and churches at Muncey, February 13, 1849; Captain Chicken signed [with a Fish totem] a receipt for travel expenses to other Ontario Ojibwa communities on September 27, 1855, along with a loan recepit around the same time (PAC RG10 vol. 454; PAC Canada 1851-52; Britain 1839: 163; Canada 1891 vol. I: 90, 128; Read and Stagg: 326-328). Muskellunge = ma$kino: $e (Piggott and Grafstein).

From PAC RG10, Vol. 454 (1855).

John Chief [born on the Thames River in 1791; fl. 1828-1861], Thames River [Muncey] Ojibwa chief / shaman / hunter; he was married to Salley [born on the Ausable River in 1812; died before 1861]; John Chief held a meeting at his camp near Lower Muncey with Kahkewaquonaby on March 17, 1828; according to KahKewaquonaby, John Chief treated a sick man in a Jeesuhkon [conjuring wigwam] in 1850 (PAC Canada 1851-1852, 1861; Kahkewaquonaby 1860: 121; Kahkewaquonaby 1861: 271-272). 'Your soul is gone away from you, and is now in the bank of the river, it is with the munedoos, who reside on the high clay bank, where it has been all the time. If you wish your soul to come back to you I can send one of the sky-men, or Medawwhmagwug, and bring it back again.'—Muncey Town, November 12, 1850.

Chi-ka-ta-yan / Chikatayan / Chekateyan / Chekatawaw [fl. 1825-1827], he was an original Ojibwa chief of the Sarnia community; he signed Surrender #27½, Watford area, April 26, 1825; Chekateyan, Ojibwa chief, signed Surrender #29, Sarnia to Goderich, July 10, 1827 (Canada 1891 vol. I: 65, 71; Leighton: app. B8, B8a; Plain: 3).

Chin-chack-quan / Le Grew [fl. 1781-1782], Mascouten chief; he attended councils at Detroit, October 29, 1781, and February 25, 1782 (MPHSC vol. X: 550, vol. XIII: 93).

Captain Chipps [fl. 1825], Munsee/Delaware chief; lived at Monsey town [Muncey] on the Thames River in 1825; he stated that there were no female chiefs in his community and that women had nothing to do with the community council (Kahkewaquonaby 1860: 41; Kjellberg: 61).

Christiana [fl. 1804-1806], Delaware Moravian, daughter of Moravian Schebosh / John Joseph Bull; she was married to Jacob; she lived in Moraviantown [Fairfield]; she carried supplies to the Moravian mission on Bear Creek [Sydenham River] on December 20, 1804, April 3, 1805, and August 10th, 1806 (Denke 1990: 14, 1993: 7).

Civil Man Son [killed at Moraviantown {Fairfield}, October 5, 1813], Seneca war chief (Sugden: 133).

Alexander Clark Senior [born 1800; died April 3, 1876 at Windsor], Wendat/Wyandot/Huron of the Huron Reserve [Anderdon]; interpreter for Wyandot Chief Joseph White; he was listed in the Anderdon return of August 31, 1840; Alexander Clark Senior, Huron chief, signed: Surrender #75½, lands near Windsor, April 28, 1854, Surrender #141, Little Turkey Island, Detroit River, November 27, 1874, and Surrender #146, part of the Huron reserve, August 20, 1875 (Canada 1847: no. 19; Canada 1891 vol. I: 200, vol. II: 2, 10; Leclair 1988a: 63-64, 1988b: 3).

Alexander Clarke Junior [fl. 1892], Huron/ Wyandot Nation; he signed Surrender #346, Huron reserve, November 2, 1892 (Canada 1891 vol. III: 120).

Thomas A. Clark [fl. 1838-1840; died 1849 near Windsor], Wendat/Wyandot/Huron Nation, member of the Joseph Warrow Senior faction in 1838; he was elected Wyandot head chief for life of the Anderdon Wyandot community around 1839; he succeeded George Ironside jr. as elected chief, and was succeeded by William Clark; he was listed in the Anderdon return of August 31, 1840 (Canada 1847: no. 19; Leclair 1988a: 45, 63).

Joseph Brant Clench [born c.1790 at Niagara-on-the-Lake; died February 22, 1857 in London], Mohawk warrior and civil servant, eldest son of Ralphe Clench and Elizabeth Johnston; he was married Esther Serena Joseph Leon before 1816; he fought in the War of 1812-14; he was superintendent of Rice Lake Reserve, 1830-1835; he was elected as a Tory to the Upper Canada House of Assembly in 1834; he became the superintendent of the Chippewas and Munsees of the Thames from 1837 until he was removed for mismanagement in 1854 [he, his wife and his sons had all embezzled Indian Department funds]; on February 5, 1834, Clench arranged Surrender #37, for the sale of 3000 acres of the Ojibwa reserve [Muncey], sold through public auction - the Ojibwa of the Thames were not paid for 1200 acres of the land sold; in 1845 he moved to London, Upper Canada; Joseph Clench witnessed the signing of Surrenders 58½b, #58½c, #58½d, and #58½e, for schools and churches at Muncey, February 13, 1849 (Canada 1891 vol. I: 90, 128; Patterson: 400, Read and Stagg: 328; DCB vol. VII: 161-163; Riley pers. com.).

Cornelis / Tirogaren [fl. 1701], Mohawk sachem; he attended the Albany Conference with Governor Nansan, July 9, 1701; he placed southern Ontario hunting grounds under the protection of the British Crown on July 19, 1701 (NYCD vol. IV: 897, 910; P. Monture pers. com.).

August Cornelius / Augustus Cornelius [born at the Oneida Castle, New York in 1808; fl. 1840-1872], Oneida Nation chief, Oneida Settlement [Thames River]; he was married to Mary [born at the Oneida Castle, New York in 1808; fl. 1852]; in 1840 he was appointed, along with Chief Moses Shuyler, "to look for a place for a future abode." They located a large tract of land across the Thames River from the Ojibwa community near Munseytown [Muncey]; August Cornelius signed: Surrender #233, Oneida Settlement purchase, December 20, 1848, and Surrender #127, Canadian Southern Railway right of way, January 17, 1872 (PAC Canada 1851-52; Canada 1891 vol. I: 296, vol. II: 187; Mayer: 7).

Cornstalk [fl. 1763-1777; shot dead by mutinous troops, spring 1777 at Fort Point Pleasant], Shawnee/Chouanon war chief, father of Chief Elenipsico, brother of the Grenadier Squaw; he took a war party up the Kanawha River and attacked West Virginia in 1763; he was at the Battle of Point Pleasant; he was considered a friend of the Moravians; he signed a treaty with Dunmore in 1774; he visited Fort Randolph at Point Pleasant where he was held as a hostage then murdered by US soldiers in the spring of 1777 (Drake: 23, 45-47; Tanner: 50, 81).

Cow Killer [fl. 1791-1794], Seneca war chief; Cow Killer attended and spoke at councils held at Niagara to discuss the US Indians on April 14, 1791, and May 24, 1791; he attended a Five Nations council with Captain Pipe on the Miami River, September 17, 1792 and attended the General Council at the Glaize [Defiance, Ohio], September 30, 1792; Simcoe urged him to remain neutral in the British-U.S. conflict; Cow Killer attended and then addressed a Six Nations council held at Buffalo Creek, February 7, 1794 (Campbell: 167; Cruikshank vol. I: 221, 224, 228, 256, 258, 260; MPHSC vol. XXIV: 208, 235, 468, 486, 491, 496).

Cranberrymarsh [fl. 1836], Delaware Nation, Moraviantown [Fairfield]; he signed Surrender #47, part of Moraviantown, October 25, 1836 (Canada 1891 vol. I: 115). 'To prove their independence and their fondness for the bitter rakilun, one reckless family chose the name of Marsh and named their son Cranberry'— (Gray: 284).

Thomas Crow [possibly born in 1850; fl. 1883], Ojibwa Nation, Muncey; he signed Surrender #210, September 28, 1883; he was probably the son of John Crow [born 1815; fl. 1861] and Jane Crow [born 1830; fl. 1861], or of Solomon Crow [born on the Thames River 1834; fl. 1852] and Maria Crow [born on the Thames River 1833; fl. 1852] (PAC Canada 1851-52, 1861; Canada 1891 vol. II: 146).

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